Tells the story of the birth of philosophy and its remarkable flourishing in the ancient Mediterranean world. This is the first of four volumes, which unfolds the history of Western philosophy. It is suitable for those interested in the people and ideas that shaped the course of Western thought. Tells the story of the birth of philosophy and its remarkable flourishing in the ancient Mediterranean world. This is the first of four volumes, which unfolds the history of Western philosophy. It is suitable for those interested in the people and ideas that shaped the course of Western thought. Map x Introduction xi 1. Beginnings: From Pythagoras to Plato 1(64) The Four Causes 1(3) The Milesians 4(5) The Pythagoreans 9(2) Xenophanes 11(1) Heraclitus 12(5) Parmenides and the Eleatics 17(3) Empedocles 20(4) Anaxagoras 24(2) The Atomists 26(2) The Sophists 28(4) Socrates 32(3) The Socrates of Xenophon 35(2) The Socrates of Plato 37(4) Socrates' Own Philosophy 41(4) From Socrates to Plato 45(4) The Theory of Ideas 49(7) Plato's Republic 56(4) The Laws and the Timaeus 60(5) 2. Schools of Thought: From Aristotle to Augustine 65(51) Aristotle in the Academy 65(4) Aristotle the Biologist 69(4) The Lyceum and its Curriculum 73(2) Aristotle on Rhetoric and Poetry 75(4) Aristotle's Ethical Treatises 79(3) Aristotle's Political Theory 82(5) Aristotle's Cosmology 87(2) The Legacy of Aristotle and Plato 89(2) Aristotle's School 91(3) Epicurus 94(2) Stoicism 96(4) Scepticism in the Academy 100(1) Lucretius 101(2) Cicero 103(1) Judaism and Christianity 104(2) The Imperial Stoa 106(3) Early Christian Philosophy 109(2) The Revival of Platonism and Aristotelianism 111(1) Plotinus and Augustine 112(4) 3. How to Argue: Logic 116(29) Aristotle's Syllogistic 117(6) The de Interpretatione and the Categories 123(6) Aristotle on Time and Modality 129(7) Stoic Logic 136(9) 4. Knowledge and its Limits: Epistemology 145(33) Presocratic Epistemology 145(3) Socrates, Knowledge, and Ignorance 148(4) Knowledge in the Theaetetus 152(4) Knowledge and Ideas 156(5) Aristotle on Science and Illusion 161(5) Epicurean Epistemology 166(3) Stoic Epistemology 169(4) Academic Scepticism 173(2) Pyrrhonian Scepticism 175(3) 5. How Things Happen: Physics 178(21) The Continuum 178(4) Aristotle on Place 182(2) Aristotle on Motion 184(2) Aristotle on Time 186(3) Aristotle on Causation and Change 189(3) The Stoics on Causality 192(2) Causation and Determinism 194(2) Determinism and Freedom 196(3) 6. What There Is: Metaphysics 199(30) Parmenides' Ontology 200(5) Plato's Ideas and their Troubles 205(11) Aristotelian Forms 216(2) Essence and Quiddity 218(5) Being and Existence 223(6) 7. Soul and Mind 229(28) Pythagoras' Metempsychosis 229(3) Perception and Thought 232(2) Immortality in Plato's Phaedo 234(3) The Anatomy of the Soul 237(3) Plato on Sense-Perception 240(1) Aristotle's Philosophical Psychology 241(7) Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind 248(3) Will, Mind, and Soul in Late Antiquity 251(6) 8. How to Live: Ethics 257(32) Democritus the Moralist 257(3) Socrates on Virtue 260(4) Plato on Justice and Pleasure 264(2) Aristotle on Eudaimonia 266(3) Aristotle on Moral and Intellectual Virtue 269(5) Pleasure and Happiness 274(3) The Hedonism of Epicurus 277(3) Stoic Ethics 280(9) 9. God 289(28) Xenophanes' Natural Theology 289(1) Socrates and Plato on Piety 290(3) Plato's Evolving Theology 293(3) Aristotle's Unmoved Movers 296(6) The Gods of Epicurus and the Stoics 302(6) On Divination and Astrology 308(3) The Trinity of Plotinus 311(6) Chronology 317(2) List of Abbreviations and Conventions 319(4) Bibliography 323(8) List of Illustrations 331(4) Index 335