Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Author xvii Introduction xix PART 1: WHAT IS LAW? 1(168) Traditional Natural Law Theory Law for the Common Good 3(14) St. Thomas Aquinas: Law for the Common Good 5(12) Legal Positivism I Law as Command 17(19) John Austin: The Command Theory of Law 20(16) American Legal Realism Law as Judicial Pronouncement 36(16) Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law as Systematized Prediction of What the Courts Will Do 38(4) Jerome Frank: Law as the Product of Court Decisions 42(10) Legal Positivism II Law as the Union of Primary and Secondary Rules 52(17) H. L. A. Hart: Law as the Union of Primary and Secondary Rules 53(16) Law and Economics Law as Efficiency 69(15) Susan Dimock: Law and Economics 69(15) Feminist Jurisprudence Law as a Patriarchal Institution 84(85) Patricia Smith: Law as a Patriarchal Institution 85(6) Catharine A. MacKinnon: Law as Male Power 91(6) Additional Readings 97(2) Cases for Discussion 99(70) Palsgraf v. Long Island Rail Road Co. 99(5) Lynch v. Fisher 104(4) Hammontree v. Jenner 108(2) Stewart v. Dutra Construction Co. 110(3) Stockberger v. United States 113(3) McFall v. Shimp 116(1) Farwell v. Keaton 117(4) Berman v. Allan 121(3) Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories; Rogers v. Rexall Drug Co. 124(10) Moore v. The Regents of the University of California 134(13) Kowalski v. Tesmer 147(6) Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City 153(7) Kelo v. City of New London 160(9) PART 2: THE SEPARATION THESIS, LEGAL REASONING, AND LEGAL INDETERMINACY 169(138) H. L. A. Hart and His Critics 169(2) The Separation of Law and Morality 171(16) H. L. A. Hart: Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals 172(15) The Morality of Law 187(17) Lon L. Fuller: Positivism and Fidelity to Law--A Reply to Professor Hart 188(12) The Morality That Makes Law Possible 200(4) Law as a System of Rights 204(25) Ronald Dworkin: Rules, Principles, and Rights 205(14) Hard Cases 219(3) Integrity in Law 222(7) Hart's Response to Dworkin 229(12) H. L. A. Hart: Defending Legal Positivism 229(12) Law as an Indeterminate Patchwork of Irreconcilable Ideologies 241(66) Andrew Altman: Legal Realism, Critical Legal Studies, and Dworkin 242(10) Critical Legal Studies and the Rule of Law 252(4) Additional Readings 256(1) Cases for Discussion 257(1) Riggs v. Palmer 257(50) State of Maryland v. Rusk 261(9) Raich v. Ashcroft 270(3) Small v. United States 273(5) Korematsu v. United States 278(5) Plessy v. Ferguson 283(2) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 285(3) United States v. Virginia 288(7) Grutter v. Bollinger 295(6) Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney 301(6) PART 3: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE AND THE OBLIGATION TO OBEY LAW 307(66) The Duty to Oppose Injustice 310(8) Martin Luther King Jr.: Letter from Birmingham Jail 310(8) Civil Disobedience and Conscientious Refusal 318(10) John Rawls: Civil Disobedience and Conscientious Refusal 319(9) The Benefit of Challenging Uncertain Laws 328(9) Ronald Dworkin: Civil Disobedience 328(9) Civil Disobedience and the Presumption of an Obligation to Obey the Law 337(36) David Lyons: Moral Judgment, Historical Reality, and Civil Disobedience 337(8) Additional Readings 345(28) Cases for Discussion 346(1) Schenck v. United States 346(1) Whitney v. California 347(5) Walker v. City of Birmingham 352(4) Board of Education of Minersville School District v. Gobitis 356(3) Wisconsin v. Yoder 359(4) Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 363(5) United States v. Schoon 368(5) PART 4: LAW AND LIBERTY 373(150) In Defense of Liberty 375(12) John Stuart Mill: On Liberty 375(12) Paternalism 387(10) Gerald Dworkin: Paternalism 387(10) Legal Moralism 397(12) Patrick Devlin: The Enforcement of Morals 397(12) A Refutation of Legal Moralism 409(114) H. L. A. Hart: Law, Liberty, and Morality 409(8) Additional Readings 417(1) Cases for Discussion 418(105) John Doe v. University of Michigan 418(7) Texas v. Johnson 425(6) Cohen v. California 431(3) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan 434(6) New York Times Co. v. United States 440(4) Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party of America 444(2) Hernandez v. Commonwealth of Virginia 446(1) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale 447(9) Miller v. California 456(4) Paris Adult Theater 1 v. Slaton 460(6) Edwards v. Aguillard 466(7) Van Orden v. Perry 473(4) Griswold v. Connecticut 477(5) Roe v. Wade 482(4) Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey 486(14) Bowers v. Hardwick 500(5) Lawrence v. Texas 505(8) Loving v. Virginia 513(2) Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 515(8) PART 5: PUNISHMENT 523(158) A Utilitarian Account of Punishment 529(12) Jeremy Bentham: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 531(10) Retributivism I A Kantian Theory of Punishment 541(6) Immanuel Kant: The Right of Punishing and Pardoning 543(4) Retributivism II Fair Play 547(12) Herbert Morris: Persons and Punishment 548(11) Retributivism III The Value of Victims 559(12) Jean Hampton: A New Theory of Retribution 560(11) Restitution 571(12) Randy Barnett: Restitution 571(12) Restorative Justice 583(98) Gorden Bazemore: Three Paradigms for Juvenile Justice 584(16) Additional Readings 600(1) Cases for Discussion 601(80) Miranda v. Arizona 601(11) Gregg v. Georgia 612(8) McCleskey v. Kemp 620(11) Atkins v. Virginia 631(7) Roper v. Simmons 638(13) Rummel v. Estelle 651(4) Hamdi v. Rumfeld 655(10) The Insanity Defense: M'Naghten and Durham 665(8) State v. Kelly 673(8) PART 6: CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION 681(26) The Moral Reading of the Constitution 683(24) Ronald Dworkin: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution 684(17) Appendix 701(1) The Bill of Rights and Selected Other Amendments to the Constitution of the United States 701(1) Selections from the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 702(5) Glossary 707