This richly illustrated, up-to-date guide offers practical coverage of all aspects of lighting design. This richly illustrated, up-to-date guide offers practical coverage of all aspects of lighting design. I. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT 1. Assessing Project Needs Interviewing Clients and the Design Team Clients Clients’ Expectations Maintenance Landscape Maintenance Lighting Maintenance Budget Deadlines Other Design Team Members Reviewing Architectural and Landscape Plans Visiting the Site Documenting Site Conditions Soil Considerations Synthesizing the Information References 2. Vision and Perception of Light How the Eye Works Designing for the Eye Perception References 3. Luminous Composition Defining Objectives Expressing Ideas Observation Imagination Composition Elements Depth Visual Boundaries/ Quality and Direction of Light View Mood or Atmosphere Balance Focal Points Cohesion 4. The Design Process: Documenting and Installing Landscape Lighting Project Communications Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Conceptual Design Phase Documents Presentation Drawings Types of Presentation Drawings Mock-up Sessions Preliminary Budget Design Development Phase Construction or Contract Documents Plans or Working Drawings Index of Drawings Project Layout Key Standard Symbols and Abbreviations Notes Lighting Layout, Schedule, and Detail Sheets Details Including Schedules Specifications General Section Lighting Fixture Section Three Typical Fixture Specification Formats Cut Sheets Bidding Process Phase Construction Phase Submittal Drawings and Samples Construction Locating Fixtures On Site Locating Tree-Mounted Fixtures Aiming and Adjusting the Lighting System 5. Follow-up Work: Record Documents and Project Maintenance Record Documents Package Updated Design and Installation Documents Updated Lighting Plans Fixture Location Using Photographs to Locate Lighting Equipment Lamping Information Aiming Notation Shielding Notation Updated and New Project Schedules Project Service Directory Controls Adjustments and Settings Maintenance Documents Maintenance Issues Maintenance Equipment and Spare Parts Maintenance Work Focus Adjustment Lamp Replacement Fixture Cleaning Maintaining the Proper Fixture Aiming Stocking and Restocking Supplies Design Adjustment Reaiming Existing Fixtures Relamping Existing Fixtures Relocating Existing Fixtures Removing Existing Fixtures Adding New Fixtures Updating the Record Documents References II. MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY 6. Light Sources New Lamps Light Emitting Diodes (L.E.D.) LED Color LED Configuration, Output, and Beamspread LED Lamp Types Traditional Lamps Filament Lamps Tungsten-Halogen Lamps Frequently Used Types MR Lamps PAR Lamps R Lamps Miniature and Subminiature Lamps Comparing 120-Volt and Low-Voltage Lamps for Landscape Use Discharge Lamps High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Mercury Vapor Metal Halide High-Pressure Sodium Low-Pressure Sodium Fluorescent Lamps Cold Cathode, Including Neon Functional and Operating Characteristics Physical Characteristics Bulb or Envelope Shapes and Sizes Base Filament, Electrodes, and Arc Tubes Physical Dimensions Operating Characteristics Lamp Operating Position Bulb-Wall and Base Operating Temperature Voltage Beam Spread Life and Lumen Depreciation Understanding Color of Light Produced U.S. Government Phase-Out of Traditional Lamps Evaluating Lamps for Use in Landscape Lighting References 7. Light Fixtures Selection Criteria Aesthetics Function Construction Cost Fixture Components Fixtures using LED Lamps LED Replacement Lamps Permanent or Replaceable Module LED Lamps Self Contained LED Lamp Unit Wattage and Beamspread Options Parts that comprise an LED System Printed Circuit Board Driver LED/LED Fixture System Tests Fixtures using Traditional Lamps Lamp Type and Wattage Adjustment Capabilities Ability to Add Accessories Mechanical Features Construction Custom Design or Modification Attachment of Lenses Access to Lamp, Transformer, and Ballast Compartments Waterproofing Locking Mechanisms Lamp Shielding Optics Environmental Considerations Thermal Considerations Fixture Types Decorative Fixtures Lanterns Bollard and Path Fixtures Post, Wall-Mounted, and Hanging Fixtures Functional Fixtures Surface or Tree-Mounted Fixtures Ground-Mounted Adjustable Fixtures Hanging Fixtures Ground-Recessed Fixtures Underwater Accent Fixtures Underwater Niche Fixtures Wet-Dry Fixtures Strip Light Fixtures 120-Volt or Low-Voltage Fixtures Fiber Optics Accessories Ballast Transformer Mounting Boxes Mounting Stakes Shrouds Louvers Lenses Contents Color Media Safety Codes Labels Testing Damp Location Requirements Wet Location Requirements Underwater Requirements Salt Spray Tests Scratch Test 8. Corrosion, Materials, and Finishes Corrosion Water Soil Presence of Soil Moisture Oxygen Supply pH Value Temperature Prevention Atmosphere Corrosion Protection Types of Corrosion Uniform Corrosion Pitting Corrosion Crevice Corrosion Deposit Corrosion Erosion Corrosion Bimetallic or Galvanic Corrosion Stray-Current Corrosion Selective or Dealloying Corrosion Materials Ferrous Metals Ferrous Cast Iron Stainless Steel and Alloys Nonferrous Metals and Alloys Aluminum and Alloys Copper and Alloys Brass Bronzes Zinc Glass Plastics Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Epoxy Silicone Polymethyl Methacrylate (Acrylic) Polycarbonate (Lexan) Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Rubber (EPDM) Neoprene Finishes Anodizing Clear Anodize and Dye Two-Step or Two-Step Electrolytic Duranodic (Alcoa) or Kalcolor (Kaiser) Powder Coat Verdigris or Verdi Green Temporary Finish References 9. Controls Control System Issues Designing Control Systems Residential Spaces Commercial Spaces Single-Use Spaces Multiple-Use Spaces Types of Control Devices Manual Switches Dimming Switches LED Dimming Phase Control DALI DMX512 Incandescent Dimming Preset Incandescent Dimming Systems Fluorescent Dimming HID Dimming Photoelectric Controls Time Switches Motion Detectors Wireless Controls 10. Wiring Power and Power Distribution Safety Complying with the National Electrical Code Grounding Fuses and Circuit Breakers 12 Volts Versus 120 Volts Type, Size, and Condition of a Site Lamps and Fixtures Amperage Fixture Mounting Connections Voltage Drop Elements of a Wiring System Conductors Electrical Connections Conduits Wiring Approaches Fixtures Mounted at Grade Daisy Chain Wiring Method Loop Wiring Method Multiple-Feed Wiring Method Multiple-Transformer Wiring Method Fixtures Mounted in Trees Planning for the Future III. APPLICATIONS 11. Residential Spaces Working with the Owner Design Considerations Property Characteristics Arrival Circulation Views Owner’s Preference Equipment Selection Light Sources Fixtures Controls 12. Public Spaces Design Issues Nature of Public Projects Safety and Security Circulation Anticipated Activities Image Controls Equipment Selection Light Sources Fixtures Project Management 13. Atria Residential Spaces Commercial Spaces Lighting for Plant Growth Quality of Light Quantity of Light Light and Dark Time Periods Intensity Levels Acclimatizing Plants for Atrium Life Direction of Light References IV. ELEMENTS OF DESIGN 14. Plant Materials Techniques for Lighting Plants Evaluating Plant Materials General Plant Considerations Name including Genus, Species and Variety Deciduous or Evergreen Form Leaf Density and Overlap Size at Planting Mature Height and Spread Growth Rate Special Features Selected Specimen Considerations Location on Site Health Size Specific Growth/Form/Habit Importance to Visual Composition Future Growth Pruning Plan Physical Characteristics Texture Leaf Type Branching Pattern Foliage Color Branch/Trunk Characteristics Flowering Characteristics Dormancy Characterisitics Physical Appearance Growth The Plant’s Role in Composition Direction of Light Front Lighting Back Lighting Side Lighting Up Lighting Down Lighting The Role of the Transition Plant Boundary or Divider Role 15. Garden Evolution: Changes That Affect Lighting Lighting System Infrastructure Garden Evolution Changes Through the Seasons of One Year Winter Spring Summer Fall Changing Roles Growth of an Individual Plant Garden Evolution Influences Plant Role Gradual Change Radical Change The Relationship of Pruning with Lighting 16. Sculptures, Architectural Structures, and Signage Sculptures Uplighting Versus Downlighting Techniques One Viewing Direction Multiple Viewing Directions Architectural Structures Signage Reference 17. Walkways and Stairs Walkways Planning Issues Lighting Level Safe Movement Paving or Path Material Light Patterns Fixture Selection Decorative Fixtures Hidden Fixtures City Streets and Sidewalks Steps and Staircases Downlight Sidelight Tread-Integrated Light Decorative Fixtures 18. Building Elevation Lighting Luminous Composition Floodlighting Grazing Patterns of Light Internal Building Lighting Color Fixture Location Equipment Light Sources Incandescent Fluorescent High-Intensity Discharge Fixtures Lighting Levels Maintenance 19. Water Features Design Considerations Physical Properties of Light Refraction of Light Effect of Light on Aerated or Turbulent Water Effect of Light on Flat or Smooth Water Dispersion of Light in Water Fixture Location Locating Fixtures Below the Water’s Surface Locating Fixtures Above the Water’s Surface Types of Water Features Waterfalls Fountains Pool and Pond Surfaces Safety Equipment for Underwater Use Lamps Fixtures Shore-Scraping Fiber Optics APPENDIX Documents Lighting Manufacturers Directory Bibliography INDEX