Charting the rise and development of Christianity, Carter Lindberg has succeeded in writing a concise and compelling history of the world s largest religion. He spans over 2,000 years of colorful incident to give an authoritative history of Christianity for both the general reader and the beginning student. Charting the rise and development of Christianity, Carter Lindberg has succeeded in writing a concise and compelling history of the world's largest religion. He spans over 2,000 years of colorful incident to give an authoritative history of Christianity for both the general reader and the beginning student. Preface x The Responsibility to Remember: An Introduction to the Historiography of Christianity 1(5) Tradition and Confession 4(2) The Law of Praying is the Law of Believing 6(11) The Roman Empire and its Political Achievements 10(1) Hellenization and its Cultural Achievements 10(2) Development of the Biblical Canon 12(5) Sibling Rivalry: Heresy, Orthodoxy, and Ecumenical Councils 17(18) The Structure of Tradition: Confession and Doctrine 18(1) Doctrine as a Key to Christian Memory and Identity 19(2) Heresy 21(1) Jesus' Relationship to God: The Doctrine of the Trinity 22(4) From the Council of Nicaea to the Council of Constantinople 26(2) Jesus and Humankind: Christology 28(7) The Heavenly City: The Augustinian Synthesis of Biblical Religion and Hellenism 35(16) Augustine's Path to Conversion 40(1) Augustine's Theological Contributions 41(3) Augustine and Donatism 44(3) The Pelagian Controversy 47(4) The Development of Medieval Christendom 51(20) Monasticism to Mission 52(2) The Emergence of the Papacy 54(5) Papacy and Empire 59(2) The Gregorian Reform 61(5) The Investiture Conflict 66(2) The Crusades 68(3) Faith in Search of Understanding: Anselm, Abelard, and the Beginnings of Scholasticism 71(13) Universities and Scholasticism 73(6) Contributions of Early Scholastic Theology 79(5) The Medieval Church 84(20) The Cultural and Theological Development of the Sacraments 84(5) The Rise of the Mendicant Orders 89(6) The Rise and Decline of Papal Authority 95(2) The Decline of the Papacy 97(2) Conciliarism 99(5) The Reformations of the Sixteenth Century 104(21) Context 105(3) The Reformation in Germany 108(4) The Reformation in Switzerland 112(4) The Reformation in France 116(1) The Reformation in England 117(3) Scandinavia and Eastern Europe 120(1) Early Modern Catholicism 121(1) The Reformations' Aftermath 122(3) Pietism and the Enlightenment 125(18) The Enlightenment 135(6) The Catholic Church and the Enlightenment 141(2) Challenge and Response: The Church in the Nineteenth Century 143(20) The Churches and the French Revolution 144(1) From the French Revolution to the Congress of Vienna 145(1) Church Reform in Germany: The Prussian Union and its Consequences 146(1) Inner Mission and the Social Question 147(5) The Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century 152(1) Pope Pius IX and Vatican I 153(1) From Kulturkampf to the Anti-Modernist Oath 154(1) Nineteenth-Century Theology 155(2) The Awakening 157(1) Theological Currents 158(2) Liberal Theology 160(3) The Christian Churches since World War I 163(18) New Formulations in Protestant Theology 164(3) The Churches during National Socialism 167(4) Developments in the Catholic Church after World War I 171(2) The Ecumenical Movement 173(6) Back to the Future: Christianity in Global Context 179(2) Appendix: Periodization 181(8) Glossary 189(6) Further Reading 195(9) Index 204